There are 3 things that can be done by the primary control surface are:
• Controlling the movement of aircraft,
• Controlling the aircraft based on the rotational axis,
and
• Controlling the stability of the aircraft.
1. AILERON
• Located on the wing.
• It is the field of control when the aircraft
to roll.
• Move to the longitudinal axis (the axis that extends from the nose to the tail).
• Aileron controlled from the cockpit by using the control stick.
• The type of stability is to stabilize the ailerons made aircraft in the lateral direction.
• opposite aileron movement between the left and right, up or down berdefleksi.
How does it work?
If a pilot wants to roll or bank or roll right, then conducted by the pilot are: moving the control stick or the steering lever to the right, so that mechanically there will be a movement in which the right aileron will move up and move down the left aileron. On the right wing where the aileron up will be a reduction in the elevator (lift) this is because the aileron which causes increased air flow velocity in the upper wing surface is reduced (because ideally the flow of air over the airfoil is faster than the lower surface, which raised the elevator) so that the wing lose the right elevator (lift force) that causes the right wing down. While on the left wing, aileron down causes air pressure to accumulate and result in the left wing up. Vice versa if the pilot wants the plane to roll to the left.
• Located on the horizontal stabilizer.
• It is the field of control when the aircraft did pitch (pitch up or down).
• Move to the lateral axis (the axis that extends along the wing).
• Elevators are controlled from the cockpit by using the control stick.
• The type of stability is to stabilize the ailerons made aircraft in the longitudinal direction.
• The movement of the elevator simultaneously between the left and right, up or down berdefleksi.
How Elevators Work?
• Located on the vertical stabilizer.
• It is the field of control when the aircraft did yaw.
• Move the vertical axis (longitudinal axis perpendicular to the center of gravity of the aircraft).
• Rudder is controlled from the cockpit by using the rudder pedals.
• The type of stability is carried out to stabilize the aircraft aileron in the direction of directional.
• The movement of the rudder to the left or right berdefleksi.
How to Work Rudder?
If the pilot wants the aircraft yaw to the left then the pilot will press / step on the left rudder pedal, the mechanic will be interpreted berdefleksi rudder to the left. What happens is the aerodynamic forces arise which suppresses the berdefleksi rudder surface, so the tail will move to the right and the nose will move to the left. Then the aircraft will yaw to the left.
Conversely if it will perform a yaw to the right then rudder pedal is stepped on the right.
To do this there will be a combination of motion between two or three primary control surface bahakan throttle settings can be added if necessary move with speed / thrust is increased or decreased thrust.
The above explanation is the movement that made the plane on the 3 axis of movement is lateral, vertical and longitudinal. For the combination of motion will be discussed next.
AIRCRAFT FLIGHT CONTROL SYSTEM (SYSTEM CONTROL AIRCRAFT)
Aircraft flight control system (AFCS) to be intimately linked with the flight control surface (FCS) or the field of flight control, where the FCS response to any arrangement / movement performed by the pilot in the cockpit through an interconnected system which then drive the mechanical system to perform the movement on the plane (yaw, bank / roll, pitch up or down).
So in a nutshell, AFCS is an attitude control system to fly a plane by moving the FCS as a field control.
Then what is meant by the FCS itself??
FCS is a field control that can move or be moved to change the air flow until the pressure of the FCS can affect the movement of the plane itself.
What are the FCS on the plane?
There are two FCS as we know it on a plane:
1. Primary control surface, the main control area on the aircraft.
The control fields are:
• Aileron, a control field located at the wing / wings.
• Elevators, a control field which is located on the horizontal stabilizer.
• Rudder, a control field which is located on the vertical stabilizer.
2. Secondary flight control surface, can be regarded as an additional control field that aims
to assist the performance of the primary control surface and the movement of the aircraft when flying,
takeoff or landing.
Included in secondary FCS, namely:
• Slat
• Spoiler
• Trim tabs
• Flaps
• Variable-sweep wing
Whether the aircraft should have all the control surface?
For the primary control surface,,, I answer YES ...
Because the primary control surface is the main control area that can menggendalikan plane in the movement (movement), rotation axis (axes) and kestabilanya (stability).
But for secondary control surface is optional, depending on the type of aircraft based on the MTOW. For smaller aircraft generally used only spoilers or trim tabs only. However for large planes require additional control field to facilitate the movement of the aircraft itself is also to facilitate the pilot in controlling the aircraft in both flying conditions, takeoff, landing or movement landed.
What is meant by powerplant or engine is the driving force or the supplier of aircraft and electrical systems, and derbagai existing support equipment on board such as airconditioning system (AC), heating system, etc..
To perform these functions, at temperatures of cooperative aircraft engines, power, pressure (pressure), and extreme speed. For that engines must be reliable and safe to operate in those conditions.
• Lightweight, why should be light? Because of heavy engines will add an empty weight of the aircraft (empty weight) which means a reduced payload of the aircraft.
• Small and easily streamlined, which means that enharus meet the following criteria:
• Reliable (reliable), for aircraft engines must be berogine is needed is a small engine but has a big power and a streamlined shape.
Why is that?? Because the greater the surface of engines it will also generate a huge drag, reducing the power generated and certainly have an impact on the waste of fuel. Thus da engine nacelle cowling fitted as an engine cover that reduces drag.
• Repairable, in this case the engine should be repaired / easily repaired.
• Fuel efficient, efficiency is surely important enough where the aircraft should be able to travel
distance (range) that as far as possible with low fuel consumtion.
• Able to operate at an altitude flying aircraft.
1. Piston engine, piston engines in general, always use a propeller.
2. Turbo engines, consisting of: air intake, compressor, combustion chamber, turbine and exhaust nozzle.
The turbojet engine to differentiate into:
• turbofans, commonly used in civil transport aircraft or subsonic aircraft.
• turboprop, like a piston engine, turboprop uses propeller settings.
• turboshaft, used on helicopters.
• turbojet, this engine is used for supersonic aircraft in military fighter aircraft.
TAIL GROUP
Tail empennage group or on a plane covering the entire surface of the tail either a fixed (permanent) and mobile / can be moved (controable). Which includes the surface remains horizontal stabilizer and vertical stabilizer, while the moving parts such as elevator, rudder and trim tabs.
Empennage serves to give stability to the aircraft and the control dynamics of flying a plane, with pitch and yaw motion.
• Vertical stabilizer, ie the tail is upright and fixed, where there is a rudder and trim tabs.
• Rudder, namely the part that can move / berdefleksi that is located on the vertical stabilizer. Rudder
used to control the direction of the aircraft flying in the vertical axis yaw movement.
• Horizontal stabilizer, the horizontal tail section and fixed, where there are elevators and trim
tabs.
• Elevators, namely the field of steering found on the horizontal stabilizer. Elevators move together
to control the movement of pitch / her nose up and down the plane in the lateral axis.
• Trim tabs, which is a small area located on the control surface that serves to
balance and reduce pressure on the rudder.
BODY GROUP
Body group is a whole section of the fuselage in this case the fuselage and its constituent structures.
Fuselage or airframe that included the cockpit, cabin passangers, cargo compartment, accessories and equipment compartment is a major part of the aircraft that support the load crew, passangers and cargo are also engines (on single-engine plane that is placed on the nose).
For the fuselage must be strong, reliable, aerodynamic and has a weight as light as possible. Why is that??
That's because the fuselage is the largest part of the plane, which receives the load and absorb the force that occurs either due to friction with the air and gravity as well as other styles of work due to the movement of the plane itself.
Consists of an aircraft fuselage structural members, namely the structure of constituent plane frames, Bulkhead, formers, stringers, etc..
TYPE MONOCOQUE
Generally kontsruksi monocoque consists only of formers (forming) and Bulkhead (barrier) which is covered by skin. This construction allows for a very large concentration of forces on the skin. In this case the skin should be able to absorb all the force that occurs in the plane. This allows the skin will quickly deformed by these forces.
Hence the planes currently use semi-monocoque komntruksi.
SEMI MONOCOQUE
As with monocoque construction, only the semi-monocoque construction given additional stringers. Stringer is a connective element between the formers / frames and Bulkhead are elongated longitudinal direction.
With this construction, load / load and the forces received by the skin can be distributed to all elements with the mediation of stringers. So the skin is no longer receiving excessive force because most will be neutralized by all the elements on the plane.
WING GROUP
wing is the most important parts of an airplane, because wing produces lift (lifting force) as it moves against the air flow because of the airfoil.
Aside from being a producer of lift, in most aircraft currently also as a fuel tank (the fuel) and the dependent engines.
In small aircraft wing usually only equipped with ailerons, spoilers and flap. This was considered sufficient for pilot workload and its mechanism is not too heavy.
Yet another case with a large aircraft, with no additional control areas would make the airplane uncontrollable or difficult maybe even impossible to control.
Well, here's the picture:
1. Winglet, an additional field on certain planes to reduce the occurrence of turbulence at the wingtip.
2. Low-speed aileron, rudder motion as a bank and roll under conditions that slow the movement of aircraft or flying in conditions where it only takes a little bank.
3. High-speed ailerons, the aileron is used in conditions where the response requires rapid movement of the ailerons to bank the aircraft movement.
4. Flap track fairing, is the stem / fairing is mounted for street or track of the flap so that when the flap is removed then it will follow the tracks.
5. Kruger flaps, the flap on offer at the leading edge, which functions as an enhancer broad wings and elevators but also at the same time enlarge enlarge drag.
6. Slats, a flap which is located on the leading adge with the same function.
7. Three slotted inner flap, the flap that is located near the wing root.
8. Three slotted outer flap, the flap that is located near the wing tip.
9. Spoilers, its function is to destroy the elevator, in the sense used is usually at the time after landing to reduce lift.
10. Spoilers-air brakes, the spoilers that serves to reduce lift and increase drag so that the aircraft such as the brakes for aircraft motion restrained by the drag produced.
PART FIVE MAJOR AIRCRAFT
In general aircraft consists of 5 groups or five main sections, namely:
• • Wing group: an airplane wing. In this group there is a rudder wing bank / roll or aileron aileron plane named, there are also components of HLD (High Lift Devices) such as flap and slat, besides there are also spoilers and winglet.
• • Tail group: aircraft tail / empennage serves as a stabilizer or stabilizer plane. The tail group consisting of: vertical stabilizer, rudder direction where there is / are named yaw rudder, and horizontal stabilizer where there is a pitch wheel up and down called an elevator pitch.
• • Body group: is part of the fuselage or the fuselage. Which consists of the nose section, center section and tail section. What is meant by the tail section here is the after-wing fuselage section, so of course different from the tail group. fuselage itself consists of a structural member that is coated with skins.
• • Landing gear group: LG. Group or group is a wheeled undercarriage of aircraft landing
consisting of a main landing gear or the main landing gear and nose landing gear. There are two types of landing gear on the type of fixed wing aircraft, namely: conventional landing gear, and tricycle landing gear. While on the helicopter landing gear there is a wheel, ski or just order holder for landing on the mainland.
• • powerplant group: a powerplant or propulsion aircraft engines. Engine itself
consists of various types, namely: piston engine and turbojet engines. Turbojet engines can be distinguished
again becomes: turbojet (for aircraft with a speed that exceeds the speed of sound),
turboprop (propeller on the plane), turboshaft (the helicopter), and turbofan (the usual
used on the type of transport aircraft).
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